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No, the process has impeded even higher standard of living, because it misallocates resources from value generation to value appropriation. It's the extreme short term profit maximization that makes the economy a zero sum game. Otherwise it is not.

Do you really think the economy is zero sum?

For example, who was Elon Musk's wealth transferred from?

What do you think about all that money being invested into AI? Is that "extreme short term profit maximization"?


I don’t know who his wealth was transferred from, exactly. But I do know what he’s using it for now: as a gravitational force to unilaterally screw with public institutions and systems the rest of us depend on.

Even if you agree with some of DOGE projects’s goals, the way it operated was wildly thoughtless about consequences beyond Musk’s personal wishes, and almost completely unaccountable.

I’m honestly sick that my personal Model Y purchase helped add to that power.

And I say that as someone who was a huge Musk fan for years, despite the warning signs — the Thai “pedo” comments, and his very public turn during COVID.


Musk's money came from creating a business that was worth a lot of money. I.e. he created his wealth.

It was not transferred to him.

The same goes for Bezos, Jobs, Gates, etc.


He ended up with all of the profits, but he didn't put in all of the work. A lot of people worked very hard for that wealth, either for salary or a minuscule fraction of the profits.

He gets to keep the lion's share of the profits because he was the one who took the risk with his capital. And bully for him; well done that man. But we treat him as if he had all of the ideas and wrote all of the code, and that's simply not true. It's a myth that the wealth owners tell us.

All of these products would exist with the CEOs who get the credit. If it weren't them it would have been someone else. Their expertise as CEOs is not to get the product done, but to get it done a week earlier than the other guy. And even that much is more luck than skill.

There's no way to say "Musk took this money from someone else". But that's different from "He has a million times as much wealth because he is a million times more valuable."


> He ended up with all of the profits

Obviously not. The investors got their share, and employees got their stock options.

> But we treat him as if he had all of the ideas and wrote all of the code, and that's simply not true.

What were the names of the crew of Captain Cook's ship? Who was under the command of General Sherman? Who won the battle of Yorktown? Who created Standard Oil? We give credit to the head of something, not to the people under his command.

> If it weren't them it would have been someone else.

Nobody knows that.

> And even that much is more luck than skill.

If I hit a home run once, I would attribute it to luck. If I hit a home run 3 times, then I have skillz.

Gates maneuvered 3 dramatic changes in Microsoft, where other companies failed at the transition. Jobs made 3 fortunes. Musk has made several diverse fortunes.

At some point, you're going to have to give these people credit.

Musk has created a million times more wealth than others. If his life story was a novel, I would have put it down as absurd.


I won’t deny he created his own fortune from PayPal.

But if you come from “so much money we couldn't even close our safe” as his father put (quote from Wikipedia

Then you do have a leg up


> I won’t deny he created his own fortune from PayPal.

I'd deny even that. He made enough dumb decisions that he was forced out and got rich primarily because of other peoples' good ideas/decisions.


And where are those other geniuses today?

History is full of actual talented people screwed over by capitalists.

When you accept a salaried position, you sign a contract. The contract lays out your compensation, stock options, etc. In return you turn over the intellectual property you produce to the company.

This is an entirely mutually voluntary arrangement.

If the company does not deliver on its contractual obligations to you, you can take them to court, and you'll win.

If you don't get more than you accepted in the contract, you have no cause to claim being "screwed over".

If you don't read the contract before you sign it, that's on you.

P.S. I've added adendums to employment contracts listing the separate intellectual property that was mine and would remain mine. I never got any pushback on that. Also, I've started side projects while employed, and before working on them, I'd get a signoff from an executive that it was not covered by my employment contract. And I never got "screwed over".


You can always trick investors. For example all the overpromising Musk has done over the years. Also when you are that famous you can sell lower quality goods for a higher price that people will buy because they are associated to you.

All true. That's why there are laws against fraud.

What do you think of the tricks that California pulled to have billions vanish with not a mile of track laid? Or all those hospices with no beds? Or this fun one:

https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/does-noth...

Unfortunately, as a taxpayer, I am on the hook for those tricks. With a business, I can do some due diligence and then decide if I want to get in or not.

I suspect you and I are being fleeced far more by government waste and fraud than by businesses.


> I suspect you and I are being fleeced far more by government waste and fraud than by businesses.

And do you think that firing half of the employees at various gov't agencies has and/or will decrease the waste and fraud?


It depends on which half.

> I suspect you and I are being fleeced far more by government waste and fraud than by businesses.

lovely how US politicians have been able to successful lie their way into making gullible people like you believe this - quite remarkable… I am always in awe what they can accomplish


That's what Elon Musk said, and yet DOGE has lead to zero fraud lawsuits

In the article I linked to, $8 million disappeared without a trace. I doubt anyone will be prosecuted over that. I'm not sure why. How about Caltrain producing 0 miles of track? Nobody is being prosecuted over that, either. Or the $100 million raised by Fire Aid (to aid the victims of the Palisades fire), and nobody knows what happened to the money.

Do you believe that means there's no hanky panky going on?


Buying an ownership stake in an established business and forcing them to give you a "co-founder" title isn't "creating a business".

Tesla was quickly going bankrupt when Musk decided to buy into it. It was not an "established business". It had no plan, no car, no design, no sales. When you sell a controlling share to another person, the other person then controls the business.

The “created vs transferred” thing is more nuanced than that.

At some point, accumulated wealth becomes power, and that power can be used to pull energy, attention, labor, and public resources out of the system for one person’s agenda.

And in Tesla’s case, the stock value creation story is insanely unorthodox, to be charitable. A lot of that valuation was supercharged by years of market-moving hype done personally by Elon: 10+ years of FSD timelines that never happened, the more recent “buy a Tesla, it’s an appreciating asset!” super-lie, the mission gradually being abandoned, GOP craps on EVs and it’s crickets from Elon, etc.

Now we have the ultimate example of wealth gravity distortion: Musk helped put Trump back in power, and the relationship looks openly transactional. But Elon is not just benefiting from Trump’s transactional nature. He is also benefiting from an administration where white collar crime and regulatory accountability seem to have basically stopped being real things.

So with all that, the kind of shady behavior Elon pulled that might normally trigger government scrutiny or enforcement is now being smothered by political influence.

Even today, Tesla appears to be the highest P/E outlier in the S&P 500 among profitable companies. So the market is not just valuing the current business. It is valuing the story, the hype, and increasingly Musk’s ability to buy influence to stay outta trouble.

And to be clear, I’m not trying to pretend nothing real was built. SpaceX is impressive. Tesla really did help kickstart the EV market. But that does not make up for the harm, distortion, and unaccountable power being exercised now.

So yes, maybe the wealth was “created” in an accounting sense. But the concern is what happens when that created value becomes an unaccountable force acting on everything else.


If TSLA is in a bubble, at some point it will implode. And then the wealth that was created is destroyed - it won't be transferred out of the company, either.

> Musk helped put Trump back in power, and the relationship looks openly transactional.

Both parties accept help from wealthy people, and yes, they do expect something in return. I don't see that Musk got anything out of it, though. Musk received 0 benefit from DOGE.

> But that does not make up for the harm, distortion, and unaccountable power being exercised now.

What power do you think Musk is exercising now?

> He is also benefiting from an administration where white collar crime and regulatory accountability seem to have basically stopped being real things.

I gave you examples of no accountability in government things. I don't see any decrease in accountability.

> Even today, Tesla appears to be the highest P/E outlier in the S&P 500 among profitable companies. So the market is not just valuing the current business. It is valuing the story, the hype,

Sure. And I bought TSLA years ago. I didn't believe his FSD hype. But he delivered on it anyway. If TSLA stock implodes, it's only going to hurt the shareholders, not you.

> and increasingly Musk’s ability to buy influence to stay outta trouble.

What influence is he buying?


> Musk received 0 benefit from DOGE.

Besides eviscerating all the regulatory agencies enforcing rules against his companies and huge amounts of private data from all sorts of agencies?


USAID was not involved with regulating Musk's companies.

Let's say Musk has all that private data. What did he do with it? Is he extorting anyone? How does it help his rocket business? Is he draining anyone's bank accounts?


Who said anything about USAID? DOGE eviscerated all sorts of agencies. At this point I no longer consider you to be arguing in good faith. I'm done here.

That business is currently worth a lot of money, but why? Its not making a lot of money.

Businesses are valued on their ability to make money in the future.

Wealth is not created, it's stripped from the natural commons and it is, despite being massive, obviously finite. What you're referring to is "value creation"--the transformation of this natural wealth into a form that some other humans find valuable at a point in time. This value creation is rewarded via capitalism by the accumulation of monetary instruments which very much represent an appropriation of this wealth. If this system wasn't zero sum then we wouldn't have inflation?

Where was all this wealth 200 years ago?

Inflation is caused by printing money not backed by goods and services. Inflation is another form of taxation.


The vast majority of it was stored underground as petrochemicals. A fact made immediately apparent by looking at like any chart. Is this a serious conversation?

In the vast majority of cases that energy could have come from other sources, though the cost would have been somewhat higher. In the hypothetical case of solar would you still describe it as being finite or stripped from the natural commons? I suppose raw land area or 1 AU solar sphere surface area could be viewed that way but it seems reductionist to me.

What if I use what would otherwise be a waste product to create something people are willing to pay for? For example sawdust. Is that not value creation?


Are you really positing that America's wealth is due to petrochemicals?

Consider Japan, for example. No petrochemicals. No natural resources. Economic powerhouse.

Consider Russia. Floating on oil. Not a wealthy country.


I don't know but I will speak:

Cantillon Effect

How much does your bread cost and how much did it cost in the 90s? Where do you think all that value gone? Has bread some what become much better quality or something? Are they lacing it with gold?

They are stealing from your pocket, in many ways than one.

Another point to consider is that musk wealth is on paper only, real value if he wanted to cash out would turn much smaller, it's all hypothetical.


American bread was worse in previous decades. Now I have many more options, and I buy organic bread.

> They are stealing from your pocket, in many ways than one.

You need a more compelling argument than that. Agriculture is not a particularly lucrative industry.

> Another point to consider is that musk wealth is on paper only, real value if he wanted to cash out would turn much smaller, it's all hypothetical.

Back to "what is value?" There is no such thing as intrinsic value. Value is what people are willing to pay for something. That's it. If people are willing to pay more, then the value is higher. If the are only willing to pay less, then the value is lower. And certainly the value of x is different for different people, and varies moment by moment.

The value of a TSLA share of stock is no different from the value of that piece of paper you have that says "One Dollar" on it.


What is the point on Musk you are making? The monetary success does not neccesserily correlate to the common good they have created. In case of Musk there is a lot of governement subsidies, lots of market manipulation and false claim s. So not all activieties that bring profit to the richest are good to the rest. And stats on inequality just highlights that trend

> subsidies.

The government gave Musk a trillion dollars?

> So not all activieties that bring profit to the richest are good to the rest

I didn't say they were all good. I said he created his wealth, it was not transferred to him.

> And stats on inequality just highlights that trend

All those stats highlight is some people create more wealth than others.


On the short term every economy is effectively zero sum. Even if you invented something magical that is worth trillions, the economy can't pull trillions of dollars out of nowhere in any short period of time without devaluing everything else.

Sigh. A brief explanation of how money is created. If I create something of value, you can go to a bank and borrow money based on that value. Where did that borrowed money come from? The bank created it out of thin air! Yes, that's right. Created value can be transformed into money. The books balance. And this is unlimited.

What happens when you pay back the money? Yes, it is symmetric, the money is destroyed! (wild, isn't it!)

So why does the bank do this? They make money on the interest from the loan.

This is how "free banking" works, and it applies to your scenario. Creating value does not devalue the rest of the economy. The supply of money is not fixed, it rises and falls relative to the value in the economy.

I know this is a difficult thing to describe briefly, there are college degrees on this topic.


These two positions are not mutually exclusive:

- Over-optimizing for short term profit can hurt innovation and value creation.

- The economy is not a zero sum game and new value is created out of thin air.


Partly this is because total global debt is 3x global GDP.

It transferred from the S&P-493, obviously :) .

When it comes to what actually matters, people's standards of living, what matters most is percentages, which are zero sum. In a simplified economy where 10 people have $100 each, everyone is worth 10% of the economy, have about equal buying power, equal standards of living, equal political power, and so on.

If one of those people suddenly "creates wealth" and now has $100,000, then the average value of the dollar goes down and the cost of everything goes up. Person X can trivially afford the increase, but the other nine now have lower buying power, lower standards of living, and the $100,000 now can exert coercive control over those with less.

We are all slightly worse off every time there is a new billionaire.


> We are all slightly worse off every time there is a new billionaire.

I responded to the zero sum theory in another reply.

I'll just say that every country that decided to get rid of its wealthy people wound up poorer, a lot poorer.

For a specific example, Massachusetts has a luxury yacht industry. The government decided that they wanted to tax the wealthy, and slapped a hefty tax on yachts. The billionaires simply took their yacht buying elsewhere, and the yacht industry collapsed, costing thousands of highly paid jobs. The government rescinded the tax.


> I responded to the zero sum theory in another reply.

You have ~40 responses in this thread in defense of billionaires, not sure which one exactly you're talking about.


See my posts saying that wealthy people create wealth, they do not transfer it. The transfer theory is the zero sum theory.

Musk got a huge leg up through the government, whether it be tax credits, incentives, side-stepping regulations, etc.

Bezos ran at a loss for so long it drove out actual and potential competitors.

Most (or all?) of the recent titans seem like each has his own company town. (See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_town )

While their activities certainly fall in the realm of capitalism, and are just blips at longer time scales, it certainly feels like capitalism has been a bit under the weather for the past couple decades.

Regarding the money invested in AI, it all gives me "irrational exuberance" vibes.


> Musk got a huge leg up through the government, whether it be tax credits, incentives, side-stepping regulations, etc.

Nope. (Any government incentives were available to all the other car companies.)

> Bezos ran at a loss for so long it drove out actual and potential competitors.

Where do you think he got the money to sustain those losses? Investors! Including me. That is not a "transfer" of wealth, as in exchange the investors received an ownership share of the company.

> Regarding the money invested in AI, it all gives me "irrational exuberance" vibes.

It still is the opposite of short term thinking.


I was not making an argument that the economy is zero-sum, or that Musk or Bezos did not build wealth. I merely pointed out methods they used to build their empires. For example, Musk did take advantage of government incentives, sidestepped regulations, etc.

Again, I never claimed there was any sort of zero-sum transfer of wealth. I'm simply pointing out there are varied ways to build up wealth; people have various opinions about those ways. It's right to call out misconceptions or outright falsehoods, but it's also good to understand what leads people to form or accept those misconceptions in the first place.


Government incentives were available to all the car companies. There were no government incentives for SpaceX or Twitter or Starlink.

As for "sidestepped regulations", you'll need to be more specific. He did have some court battles with regulators, and won them.


It's water that builds up limescale that it's harmful for the carnivorous plants. The peat moss substrate that carnivorous plants like is acidic and the limescale neutralizes that.


Plausible, perhaps -- is there any evidence?


Yes there is plenty of evidence that carnivorous plants die in alkaline or neutral soil conditions.

Read literally any book about caring for them. They like acidic soil. Rain water is slightly acidic.

It might take a year or more to kill a plant by slowly draining its soil of acidity. Just like it can take a year to kill a big plant via inadequate lighting.


We know how the next token is selected, but not why doing that repeatedly brings all the capabilities it does. We really don't understand how the emergent behaviours emerge.


It feels less like a word prediction algorithm and more like a world model compression algorithm. Maybe we tried to create one and accidentaly created the other?


Its almost like a Model of Language, but very Large


Why would asking a question about ice cream trigger a consideration about all possible topics? As in, to formulate the answer, the LLM will consider the origin of Elephants even. It won’t be significant, but it will be factored in.

Why? In the spiritual realm, many postulated that even the Elephant you never met is part of your life.

None of this is a coincidence.


Eh I feel like that mostly just down to; yes transformers are a "next token predictor" but during fine tuning for instruct the attention related wagon slapped on the back is partially hijacked as a bridge from input token->sequences of connections in the weights.

For example if I ask "If I have two foxes and I take away one, how many foxes do I have?" I reckon attention has been hijacked to essentially highlight the "if I have x and take away y then z" portion of the query to connect to a learned sequence from readily available training data (apparently the whole damn Internet) where there are plenty of examples of said math question trope, just using some other object type than foxes.

I think we could probably prove it by tracing the hyperdimensional space the model exists in and ask it variants of the same question/find hotspots in that space that would indicate it's using those same sequences (with attention branching off to ensure it replies with the correct object type that was referenced).


Bubblesort is the bestsort.


It works even on cheap webcams. Remove the piece of blue glass and replace it with the black plastic that covers the ir leds from an old remote.


I did it back enough in the day that I used a negative from getting pictures developed. I think I got the idea in Hardware Hacking Projects.


I did the same too, but funnily enough I stumbled upon it by accident when I was trying to find things that pass IR through but not visible light (like coke, sunglasses, ink etc.) using my Sony camera with nightvision mode. I was on a quest to get "x-ray vision".


I have one where I just removed the filter and added some IR led's for my 3d printer cam, that way I don't need visible light and the room can stay dark if I need it to be.


Playbook files are password protected archives. Anyone cares to reverse engineer the password from the executable?


The password seems to be "malte". The executable is completely unobfuscated .NET, and all you need for "reverse engineering" is ILSpy or DotPeek.

    public static void ExtractFile(string apbx, string file, string targetDir, bool recursive = false)
    {
      if (recursive)
        APBX.RunCommand("x \"" + file + "\" -o\"" + targetDir + "\" -p\"malte\" -y -r");
      else
        APBX.RunCommand("x \"" + apbx + "\" -o\"" + targetDir + "\" -p\"malte\" \"" + file + "\" -y -r-");
    }

    public static void ExtractArchive(string apbx, string targetDir, string exclude = null)
    {
      if (exclude != null)
        APBX.RunCommand("x \"" + apbx + "\" -o\"" + targetDir + "\" -p\"malte\" -x!\"" + exclude + "\" -y");
      else
        APBX.RunCommand("x \"" + apbx + "\" -o\"" + targetDir + "\" -p\"malte\" -y");
    }


Interesting; Malte is a common Danish, Swedish and Germanic male name.


Yikes, this alone is grounds to never ever ever use this tool, intentionally obfuscating what commands are being run is malware-level behavior


> Set the Archive format to 7z, and set malte as the password

https://docs.ameliorated.io/developers/playbooks/creation.ht...


password is "malte"

https://ibb.co/BNtHF1X


Huh, IDA can do .NET IL? Interesting.


What he means is that while the models tags code as code, for the model itself this is just relationship between tokens,like the code open and close tags,same as parenthesis, commas, uppercase or verbs and conjunctions...

What you say is achievable only if another system external to the model takes some tagged model output, makes computations or lookups, and feeds the results back to the model in the form of text input.

Then it's game on for the model to trigger some form of code execution through this external system and escape the jail...


When you run signature verification on that text with that signature and that address, it checks out. It wouldn't otherwise. The text links the two.


Can confirm. Did a double withdrawal (of about 10$ at the time) on an exchange years ago by blocking a POST request and firing two at the same time.

I alerted the exchange operator and he let me keep the 10$.


This reminds me of an episode of "Person of Interest" where a teacher tries to spark interest in his students by telling that all their life past and future events are already "encoded" in PI digits.

https://youtu.be/a6bT_DVwo7M


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