is pure. Still, when evaluated on a CPU somewhere a register or a memory location gets mutated, i.e. it produces a side effect. In that sense nothing would be pure.
Yes, that function is pure. Purity is a property of functions.
The system formed by that function being repeatedly applied to the value of DB over time is stateful. Statefulness is a property of systems.
Also, forget about CPU-level stuff. That's a straw man and is irrelevant to the discussion; everyone in this thread is talking about the holistic (i.e. system-level) definition of state, as that is what FRP manages.
Beside, the mathematical mechanism by which a stateful system (the CPU) can be considered to be holistically stateless (a purely functional program) is the exact same mechanism by which a stateless system (a functional description of a state machine) can be considered to be holistically stateful -- that is by the definition I gave above and will repeat below.
Again: the definition of a stateful system is one whose observable behavior is dependent on historical inputs. You are conflating this well-accepted notion of state with the independent concepts of referential transparency, (non)locality, and (non)determinism.
So if sqrt is pure, why is
impure?